PODEMOS, BICEFALIA Y OTRAS CUESTIONES ORGANIZATIVAS

Roberto Uriarte Torrealday 

En política, como en todo, las ventanas de oportunidad son como una ola a la que uno se sube; y que se surfea, en la esperanza de llegar hasta la orilla misma. Cuanto menos peso se cargue, mejor, menos lastre. Esto lo tenían claro quienes diseñaron la organización de Podemos en sus orígenes.. Nada debía interferir en un modelo basado estrictamente en el populismo posmarxista que predicaban Ernesto Laclau, Chantal Mouffe e Iñigo Errejón: un significante vacío, un líder carismático, un pequeño “núcleo irradiador” y a conquistar los cielos con “relatos” que aglutinaran a ”los de abajo”, creando así un nuevo “demos” mediante la agregación de “cadenas de equivalencias”. Para ese viaje, las alforjas debían ser livianas: lo mejor era una organización “dos punto cero”, volátil, telemática, que no se embarrara en conflictos materiales y humanos que pudieran deteriorar la imagen de la marca, que no generara liderazgos territoriales homologables a las odiadas “baronías” del PSOE.

Pero, como en todo, a las olas les suceden los reflujos y, para aguantar el reflujo de la ola, el “lastre” de una organización bien asentada ayuda mucho. Que se lo pregunten al PSOE o al PNV, los más viejos del lugar. De forma que el mismo modelo de éxito que permitió a Podemos crecer como la espuma, como nunca antes se había visto en una organización surgida de la nada, condicionó fuertemente la consolidación del proyecto y su resiliencia en tiempos menos propicios. El problema de las organizaciones es que crean rutinas, rutinas que se autorreproducen, al margen de las intenciones de quienes las habitan. Las buenas intenciones reformistas pueden chocar con una realidad tozuda y perpetuarse. Intuyo que los sucesivos secretarios de organización de Podemos, que se han afanado sin mucho éxito en corregir las limitaciones del modelo, sabrán algo de esto. Por desgracia, sólo los momentos de crisis profunda suelen promover las catarsis colectivas que permiten enderezar las rutinas.

¿Trae la marcha de Pablo Iglesias una catarsis de estas características? Sólo el tiempo lo dirá. En principio, parece que quienes le suceden en el liderazgo apuestan por un modelo diferente. Un modelo que abandone la inspiración populista de los orígenes para apostar por una cultura organizativa de corte feminista, con liderazgos compartidos y con mayor participación e implicación territorial.

En este momento de transición, algunos buscan inspiración en el País Vasco, el lugar en el que el espíritu cooperativo está más arraigado y en el que tres de los cinco principales partidos ya practican ese modelo de liderazgo compartido que se conoce como bicefalia: el PNV, EH Bildu y Elkarrekin Podemos. El último de ellos, además, con doble liderazgo femenino. Sin embargo, el PNV es quien practica una bicefalia más profunda, al mantener al líder orgánico libre de responsabilidades institucionales y con dedicación plena al proyecto político; y al mantener también a varios miembros relevantes de la dirección política apartados no sólo de los cargos institucionales, sino incluso del foco mediático. Pero en la vida no se suele aprender sin haber cometido errores y sufrido sus consecuencias. El liderazgo compartido en su momento entre Xabier Arzallus (presidente del PNV) y Carlos Garaikoetxea (Lehendakari) trajo una ruptura traumática que acabó en escisión.

En resumen, no existen fórmulas mágicas. Ni siquiera el liderazgo compartido lo es, si no le subyace una profunda cultura cooperativa. Algo parecido pasa con el feminismo: pasar de los enunciados feministas a las prácticas culturales que este movimiento promueve no es cuestión menor. Y otro tanto sucede con la plurinacionalidad.

Esta breve reflexión no me permite entrar en todas las debilidades y amenazas que acechan a cualquier organización política. Además, creo que estas son bastante conocidas y compartidas. Así que me centro en las fortalezas y oportunidades: las organizaciones que mejor funcionan son las que mejor aprovechan los recursos humanos y los distintos talentos de sus miembros; las que fomentan la cultura de la cooperación y la inteligencia colectiva; y las que promocionan a las mayores responsabilidades a quienes más se destacan por anteponer el interés colectivo al particular.

Pero de nuevo, no basta con tener claros los objetivos. Es preciso entender que la labor de crear organización y la de responder al día a día de la acción política institucional son cuestiones que llevan lógicas y ritmos distintos. Mal que bien, se puede sobrevivir en la acción política adoptando decisiones cortoplacistas y sometidas a la lógica de la batalla por el relato. Pero crear una organización sólida requiere, sí o sí, decisiones inspiradas en una lógica alejada de cortoplacismos y de meros relatos.

Roberto Uriarte Torrealday es Profesor de Derecho Constitucional en la UPV/EHU y Diputado por Bizkaia de Unidas Podemos

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